Everyday tools, done beautifully.

Pick a tool

Pick a range, choose how many numbers you need, and generate. Uses your browser's cryptographic random generator, so every result is genuinely random and fair.

How to use the random number generator

1. Enter the smallest value in Minimum and the largest in Maximum.
2. Choose how many numbers to generate — or tap one of the popular picks to fill everything in at once.
3. Optional: turn on No duplicates so every number is different, and sort the results low → high or high → low.
4. Press Generate Numbers, then Copy results to paste your numbers anywhere.

Popular uses

• Raffles, giveaways and prize draws
• Classroom picks and fair team selection
• Lottery lines — try the 6-from-1–49 preset
• Board games, party games and quick decisions

What is a random number?

A random number is a number chosen with no predictable pattern — before the draw, every value in the range is possible, and knowing the results that came before tells you nothing about what comes next. Each draw is independent: the generator has no memory, so a number that just came up is exactly as likely to appear again as any other. Over many draws the results spread evenly across the whole range, which is what makes a random draw fair — nobody, including the person running the raffle, can steer or foresee the outcome.

Worked examples

Three everyday jobs, with the exact settings to use. Your numbers will differ — that's the point — but the setup is identical:

1. Pick a raffle winner from 250 tickets. Minimum 1, Maximum 250, How many numbers 1. One press of Generate names the winning ticket.
2. Lottery line: 6 numbers from 1–49. Minimum 1, Maximum 49, How many numbers 6, No duplicates on, sort Low → High. (There's a popular pick that fills all of this in for you.)
3. Roll a die 20 times. Minimum 1, Maximum 6, How many numbers 20, duplicates allowed. Count how often each face appears — over 20 rolls it will be roughly even, and over 200 rolls even closer.

How likely is each number? (the 1-in-N rule)

In a range of N numbers, each individual number has a probability of 1 in N on every draw. Picking from 1 to 100, the chance of any one specific number — say 42 — is 1 in 100 (1%). It does not become "due" after a long absence, and it isn't less likely just because it appeared a moment ago: every draw starts fresh. The only way to stop repeats is to remove numbers as they're drawn, which is what No duplicates does.

Pseudo-random vs true random — and why this tool is different

Most online generators are pseudo-random: they run a maths formula whose output only looks random, and many openly warn that their numbers shouldn't be used where security matters. Truly random sources — atmospheric noise, thermal noise, timing jitter — exist, but they need special hardware or servers. This generator takes a third path: it uses the Web Crypto API built into your browser, the same randomness source your device relies on for encryption, combined with rejection sampling so no value in the range is favoured. The result is a draw that is fair enough for raffles and lotteries, and strong enough to build security-sensitive picks on — generated on your device, with nothing sent to a server.

Ways to use your numbers

Once you've generated, press Copy results to paste the numbers wherever you need them — a spreadsheet column for a raffle list, a document, a message announcing the winners. Generate sorted (Low → High) if you're comparing the draw against a printed list of tickets, and keep a screenshot of the result if your draw needs a public audit trail.

Paste or type your text and watch every count update live — words, characters, sentences, reading time, and how close you are to the limits for X, Instagram and SMS.

How to use the word counter

1. Type or paste your text into the box — every count updates live, with no button to press.
2. Read the stat cards: words, characters (with and without spaces), sentences, paragraphs and your longest word.
3. Check the character limit meters to stay inside the limits for X posts, Instagram bios and SMS messages.
4. Scan the most repeated words list to spot overused words, then use Copy text or Clear.

Reading time assumes an average adult reading speed of about 200 words per minute; speaking time assumes about 130 words per minute, a natural pace for presentations and videos. The repeated-words list counts words of 3+ letters and leaves out common filler words.

Popular uses

• Essays, assignments and articles with a word limit
• Social media posts, bios and captions that must fit a limit
• Speeches, presentations and videos — check the speaking time
• Blog posts and product descriptions — spot overused words

What does this word counter count?

Four quick definitions, so the numbers above are never a mystery:

• Word — any run of characters separated by spaces, tabs or line breaks. "Well-known" counts as one word, just like in Word and Google Docs.
• Characters — every letter, digit, punctuation mark and space. Characters (no spaces) excludes spaces, which is the count some submission forms ask for.
• Sentence — a stretch of text closed by ending punctuation: a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. A number like 3.5 doesn't end a sentence, and text with no ending punctuation counts as one sentence.
• Paragraph — a block of text separated from the next by a blank line.

Reading time & speaking time — how they're calculated

Reading time uses 200 words per minute, the average silent-reading speed for an adult reading English. Speaking time uses 130 words per minute, a natural presenting pace — faster sounds rushed, slower sounds like a lecture. So a 1,000-word article takes about 5 minutes to read and about 7 minutes 40 seconds to say out loud. Working backwards is just as useful: a 5-minute speech or video script should be roughly 650 words, and a 10-minute talk about 1,300. Paste your script above and the speaking-time card tells you instantly whether you'll run long.

Word and character limits for social media, school and work

The live meters above track X, Instagram bios and SMS as you type. Here is the wider set of limits worth knowing, and what actually happens when you cross each one:

How many words make a page?

Useful for essays and assignments: one double-spaced page (the usual school format) holds roughly 250–300 words, and one single-spaced page about 500 words. A 1,500-word essay is therefore around 5–6 double-spaced pages. Word targets, not page counts, are what markers actually check — so draft to the number above and let the pages fall where they may.

Five everyday percentage problems, solved as you type — each with the answer written out as a plain sentence so you can see exactly what was calculated.

How to use the percentage calculator

1. Pick the card that matches your question — there are five calculators, one for each everyday problem.
2. Type the two numbers. There is no calculate button: the answer appears as you type.
3. Read the plain-English sentence under the inputs to confirm it calculated exactly what you meant.

Popular uses

• Sale discounts, tips and tax
• Exam scores — 45 out of 60 is 75%
• Price rises, pay changes and growth rates
• Interest, commissions and profit margins

What is a percentage?

A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion as a fraction of 100 — "per cent" literally means "per hundred". 35% is 35 out of 100, which you can also write as the fraction 35/100 or the decimal 0.35. Percentages make unlike things comparable: a test score of 45 out of 60 and a battery at three-quarters full are both simply 75%. Whenever you see the % symbol, read it as "out of 100" and the maths below falls into place.

How percentages work

To find X% of Y, multiply Y by X and divide by 100. To find what percentage X is of Y, divide X by Y and multiply by 100. For a change from A to B, subtract A from B, divide by A, and multiply by 100 — a positive result is an increase, a negative result is a decrease. For a discount, the saving is the price times the percentage off, divided by 100.

Percentage difference — comparing two values

Percentage change needs a starting point: an old price and a new price. Percentage difference is for when there is no "old" and "new" — you simply have two values and want to know how far apart they are, fairly: two quotes for the same job, two measurements of the same thing, this year's rainfall vs the average. Neither value is the reference, so the difference is measured against their average: take the gap between the two values, divide by their average, multiply by 100. Because the average is shared, the percentage difference between 100 and 120 is the same as between 120 and 100 — unlike percentage change, it never matters which value you enter first. Use the Percentage difference card above to try it.

Worked examples

1. What is 20% of 150? Multiply: 150 × 20 = 3,000. Divide by 100 → 30.
2. 45 is what % of 60? Divide: 45 ÷ 60 = 0.75. Multiply by 100 → 75% — a solid exam score.
3. A price rises from 150 to 180. The change is +30. 30 ÷ 150 = 0.2 → a 20% increase.
4. 30% off an item priced at 85. Saving: 85 × 30 ÷ 100 = 25.50. You pay 85 − 25.50 = 59.50.
5. Percentage difference between 10 and 6. Gap = 4. Average = 8. 4 ÷ 8 × 100 → 50%. (Note: 10 is 66.7% more than 6 — that's percentage change, a different question.)

Percentage formulas — all in one table

Which calculation do I need?

Enter a date of birth to get an exact age — down to the day — plus the weekday of the birth, total days lived, and a countdown to the next birthday.

How to use the age calculator

1. Enter the date of birth.
2. Leave Age at date as today — or pick any past or future date to calculate the age on that day.
3. Read the exact age in years, months and days, plus the full totals — months, weeks, days, hours and minutes lived — the weekday of the birth, and the countdown to the next birthday.
4. Bonus: use Days between two dates below to measure any span of time.

Popular uses

• School enrolment and exam eligibility cut-off dates
• Forms that ask for an exact age in years, months or days
• Baby ages in weeks and days
• Counting down to birthdays, weddings and other events

How the calculation works

The calculator subtracts the date of birth from the "age at" date using real calendar arithmetic — accounting for months of different lengths and leap years — so the years, months and days it reports match how age is counted on official forms. Total days counts every day from the birth date to the target date. For people born on 29 February, the birthday in a non-leap year is counted on 1 March.

Your age in numbers — the totals

"26 years old" is only one way to slice a life. The results above also convert your age into every smaller unit: total months (full calendar months since birth — the unit baby ages are tracked in), total weeks, total days, and from there total hours (days × 24) and total minutes (days × 1,440). These totals are what power the classic searches behind them — "how many days old am I?", "how old am I in months?" — and they're surprisingly handy: forms that ask for a baby's age in weeks, contracts measured in days, and the simple fun of watching the minute counter of your life pass 10 million (that happens around your 19th birthday, by the way).

Worked example: working out an exact age by hand

Take someone born on 15 March 2000, and work out their age on 2 August 2026:

1. Whole years first. 15 March 2000 → 15 March 2026 is exactly 26 years.
2. Then whole months. 15 March → 15 July is 4 full months, landing on 15 July 2026 — so far, 26 years and 4 months.
3. Then the leftover days. 15 July → 2 August is 18 days. Final answer: 26 years, 4 months, 18 days.
4. The totals for the same person: 316 total months, 9,636 total days (1,376 weeks and 4 days), 231,264 hours, or 13,875,840 minutes. They were born on a Wednesday.

The step where hand calculations usually go wrong is step 3: if the day-of-month of the target date is smaller than the birth day (say, born on the 31st, checking on the 2nd), you borrow the length of the previous month — 28, 29, 30 or 31 days — rather than a flat 30. The calculator handles that borrowing automatically, including across February in leap years.

Born on a… — and counting down to your next birthday

Two facts people love from the results panel: the weekday you were born on (worked out from the calendar date — no lookup table needed), and the days to your next birthday, counted from the "age at" date. Set the "age at" date to today and the countdown is live; set it to a future date to see how old you'll turn and how far away that birthday is from then.

How age is counted around the world

This calculator uses the system most of the world — and every official form — uses: you are 0 at birth and your age increases by one on each birthday. Traditionally, parts of East Asia counted age differently: a baby was considered 1 year old at birth (counting the time in the womb) and gained a year at the New Year rather than on their birthday, so a baby born a few days before the New Year could officially be "2" within a week of being born. South Korea formally switched to the international system in 2023, but you may still meet the traditional count in older documents and family conversation.

Common mistakes when working out age

• Assuming every month has 30 days — it quietly adds or drops days; use real month lengths, as this calculator does.
• Forgetting whether the birthday has happened yet this year — if it hasn't, subtract one from the year difference before doing anything else.
• Leap-day birthdays — someone born on 29 February has no exact birthday in three years out of four; most forms count it on 1 March (some use 28 February), so an answer can legitimately differ by a day.
• Off-by-one across time zones — an age "today" can differ between countries at the same moment; this calculator uses your device's local date.

Ages that matter

Enter the first day of your last period and this pregnancy calculator works out your estimated due date — plus your likely conception date, how many weeks pregnant you are today, and the key dates of each trimester.

How to use the due date calculator

1. Enter the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP) — the day it started, not the day it ended.
2. Set your average cycle length if it isn't 28 days. Count from the first day of one period to the first day of the next; if your cycles vary, use the average of the last few.
3. Read your estimated due date, how many weeks and days pregnant you are today, your current trimester and your likely conception date.
4. Use the milestones table to see when each trimester ends and when you reach full term.

Popular uses

• Finding your EDD (estimated due date) straight after a positive test
• Knowing how many weeks pregnant you are before your first scan or midwife appointment
• Planning maternity leave, travel and nursery purchases around the due date
• Checking which trimester you're in — and when the next one starts

How your due date is calculated

Almost every due date calculator — including the wheel your midwife uses — is built on Naegele's rule, a method from the 1800s that still holds up: take the first day of your last period, add 280 days (exactly 40 weeks). The rule assumes a 28-day cycle with ovulation and conception about 14 days after the period started. This calculator keeps that foundation and adjusts it for real bodies: if your cycle is longer or shorter than 28 days, the due date shifts by the same number of days, because a 35-day cycle usually means ovulation happened about a week later, and a 24-day cycle about four days earlier. Conception is estimated at 14 days after the adjusted period date — roughly when ovulation would have occurred.

Worked example: a due date from start to finish

Say your last period started on 1 October 2026 and your cycle is the standard 28 days:

1. Add 280 days. 1 October 2026 + 280 days = Thursday 8 July 2027 — that's the estimated due date (40 weeks 0 days).
2. Conception estimate. 14 days after the period started: around 15 October 2026.
3. How far along on a given day? On 24 December 2026, exactly 84 days have passed — 12 weeks 0 days pregnant, still in the first trimester, with 196 days to go.
4. A longer cycle shifts everything. With a 35-day cycle instead, each date moves 7 days later: the due date becomes 15 July 2027.

The three trimesters

Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters of roughly three months each. The milestones in the results above use the standard boundaries — the first trimester ends at 13 weeks 6 days, the second at 27 weeks 6 days:

How accurate is a due date?

A due date is the centre of a window, not an appointment. Only about 1 in 20 babies is born on the estimated day itself; most arrive somewhere between 37 and 42 weeks, and a first baby is more likely than later ones to arrive after the date. A first-trimester ultrasound — which measures the baby directly — can refine the estimate, and if your care provider gives you a scan-based date, that one wins. Treat this calculator as a well-founded estimate for planning, not a medical judgement; anything about your own pregnancy that worries you belongs with your midwife or doctor, not a website.

Once the baby arrives, the counting continues in the other direction — weeks, then months, then birthdays. Our Age Calculator picks up exactly where this one leaves off.

Count the exact number of days between two dates — with a years, months and days breakdown and a weekday count — or add and subtract days from any date to find the deadline, anniversary or arrival day you're planning around.

How to use the date calculator

1. For a span of time, enter the start date and end date in the first panel — the order doesn't matter. You get the total days, the same span in weeks, the calendar breakdown in years, months and days, and how many of the days are weekdays.
2. For a deadline, use the second panel: pick a start date, type how many days, and choose Add or Subtract. The result names the exact date — and the weekday it lands on.
3. Counting down to something? Put today's date as the start and the big day as the end — the total days figure is your countdown.

Popular uses

• Countdowns to weddings, holidays, due dates and exam days
• Deadlines: "90 days from signing", notice periods, visa and rental spans
• Project lengths and delivery windows in days and working days
• Anniversaries and round-number days — your 10,000th day alive

How the days between dates are counted

The count is the difference between the two dates: from 1 January to 2 January is 1 day, not 2. That's the convention deadlines, contracts and countdowns all use — a 30-day notice period starting on the 1st ends on the 31st. If you need a count that includes both the first and the last day (some hotel, rental and leave calculations work that way), just add 1 to the result. The calendar breakdown converts the same span the way a person would say it — whole years, then whole calendar months, then leftover days — using real month lengths and leap years, so a span crossing February in a leap year is counted correctly. Weekdays are counted across the days you step through: every Monday-to-Friday day inside the span counts as one, Saturdays and Sundays are reported separately as weekend days.

Worked example: counting a full year, and adding 90 days

1. A leap-free year: 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026 is 364 days — exactly 52 weeks. In calendar terms that's 0 years, 11 months and 30 days, and because the span is a whole number of weeks it always contains 260 weekdays and 104 weekend days.
2. Adding days: 15 January 2026 + 90 days = Wednesday 15 April 2026 — the count runs through the rest of January (16 days), February (28 more, 44 in total), March (31 more, 75) and 15 days into April. This is how "net 90" payment terms, 90-day probation periods and 90-day visa stays are worked out.

Days, weeks, months — converting the answer

The same span wears different units in different situations. Days suit anything under a season; weeks are how pregnancies, school terms and project sprints are usually counted (the tool shows them alongside); months and years take over for contracts and ages. A few conversions worth knowing: 4 weeks is 28 days (not a month), 30 days is about 4 weeks and 2 days, 90 days is a quarter of a year, and an average month is 30.44 days — which is why "3 months" and "90 days" are close but never identical. For an exact age in years, months and days, our Age Calculator is built for that one job; for a pregnancy timeline specifically, the Due Date Calculator counts the 40 weeks for you.

Work out the tip on any bill in seconds — and split the total fairly between everyone at the table, down to exactly what each person owes, tip included.

How to use the tip calculator

1. Enter the bill amount — the total on the check before tip.
2. Pick a tip percentage: tap one of the preset buttons (15% and 20% are the restaurant standards), or type your own in the custom box.
3. Set how many people are splitting it. One person? Leave it at 1 and you'll just get the tip and the total.
4. Read off the tip amount, the total with tip, and each person's share — including how much of each share is tip, so nobody has to do mental maths at the table.

How much should you tip?

It depends where you are and who's serving you. In the United States, tipping is a core part of service workers' pay and the ranges below are the working standard; in much of Europe a service charge is often already in the bill and a small round-up is plenty, and in Japan tipping isn't customary at all. When in doubt while travelling, follow the local norm — but for US-style tipping, this table covers the everyday cases:

How to work out a tip in your head

The calculator is faster, but the classic trick is worth knowing: 10% is just the bill with the decimal point moved one place left (on 86, that's 8.60). From there, 15% is 10% plus half of it (8.60 + 4.30 = 12.90), 20% is simply 10% doubled (17.20), and 5% is half of 10% — combine them to build almost any tip without reaching for your phone.

Worked example: splitting a restaurant bill

Two people share a bill of 100 and want to leave a 15% tip. The tip is 100 × 15 ÷ 100 = 15, the total becomes 115, and split two ways each person pays 57.50 — of which 7.50 is their share of the tip. Notice the split divides the total including the tip: splitting only the bill and adding tip on top per person is the mistake that leaves the tip short.

Resize any photo to an exact size — including Full HD 1080p — and choose the quality, so you get the perfect balance of sharpness and file size. Everything happens on your device; your image is never uploaded.

Tap to choose an image — or drop it here JPG, PNG, WebP, GIF or BMP · processed 100% in your browser

How to use the image resizer

1. Tap the box above — or drop a file onto it — to choose an image. It is processed on your device and never uploaded.
2. Pick a size preset, a scale percentage, or type a custom width and height. Keep the aspect-ratio lock on so the image is never stretched.
3. Choose the output format — JPEG, WebP or PNG — and set the quality. The slider runs from 10% to 100% and starts at 85%, the sweet spot for sharp 1080p photos.
4. Press Resize Image, compare the before/after file sizes, then Download your resized image (on phones, Share / Save also works).

Popular uses

• YouTube thumbnails, TV and desktop images at 1920 × 1080
• Instagram posts, portraits, Reels and story covers
• Shrinking big phone photos for email, forms and uploads
• Website and blog images that load fast

What does "1080" actually mean?

"1080p" means the image is 1080 pixels tall. The standard Full HD size is 1920 × 1080 (width × height) — the size of most TV screens, YouTube videos and desktop wallpapers. For a vertical phone video or story, it's flipped: 1080 × 1920. If your photo is bigger than that, resizing down to 1920 × 1080 keeps it perfectly sharp on any normal screen while cutting the file size dramatically — often by 70–90%.

How quality works

JPEG and WebP save space by discarding detail your eye barely notices. At 100% quality almost nothing is discarded (biggest file). At 85% the image still looks sharp but the file is typically 2–4× smaller. Below 60% you'll start to see softness and blocky patches — useful only when the smallest possible file matters most. PNG ignores the quality slider: it's lossless, so the file stays large, but transparency and pixel-perfect detail are preserved.

Image sizes for social media and screens — reference table

Every platform crops or compresses anything that doesn't match its favourite size. These are the sizes worth memorising — most of them are one tap away in the presets above:

Resize an image to a target file size (KB)

Application portals are strict: a job application, exam entry form or visa portal may demand a photo under 200 KB, 100 KB or even 50 KB — and reject anything larger outright. There is no magic "make it exactly 100 KB" button anywhere; you reach a target size by trading off dimensions and quality, and this tool shows you the before/after file size so you can iterate in seconds. Work in this order:

1. Dimensions first. Shrinking the pixel size saves the most. A portal photo rarely needs to be bigger than 800–1,200 px on its longest side.
2. Choose JPEG. For photographs it produces by far the smallest file at a given quality. (Keep PNG only if the image has transparency or crisp text/lines.)
3. Lower the quality slider step by step — try 70%, then 55%, then 40% — resizing each time and checking the "After" size, until you land just under the limit. Staying just under matters: overshooting downwards costs sharpness for nothing.

A typical case: a 4 MB phone photo at full size becomes roughly 300–400 KB at 1200 px wide and 85% quality, and around 90–120 KB at 800 px and 55% — small enough for almost any portal, and still perfectly clear at the size it will be viewed.

Worked example: from phone photo to upload-ready

A typical phone photo is 4032 × 3024 px and about 5 MB — far bigger than any screen it will be shown on. Run it through this tool at the Full HD preset (with the aspect lock on it fits neatly inside 1920 × 1080, keeping the photo's own shape), JPEG at 85% quality: the result is roughly 500–700 KB, around 90% smaller, and indistinguishable from the original on a phone, laptop or TV, because no ordinary screen can display more detail than Full HD anyway. The un-resized original would load slower, eat data, and hit upload limits — the resized one goes everywhere.

Supported formats

You can open: JPG, PNG, WebP, GIF and BMP (plus AVIF in browsers that support it). You can save as: JPEG (smallest, best for photos), WebP (smaller still, for modern browsers and websites) or PNG (lossless, keeps transparency). Two things worth knowing: an animated GIF is saved as a still image of its first frame, and some iPhone HEIC photos can't be read by browsers — if one refuses to load, export or share it as a JPG first, then resize.

Lossy vs lossless compression

The quality slider works because JPEG and WebP are lossy: they permanently discard fine detail your eye barely notices, in exchange for a file many times smaller. PNG is lossless: every pixel is preserved exactly, transparency included, so the file stays large and the quality slider has nothing to trade — that's why it doesn't apply to PNG. Rule of thumb: photos → lossy (JPEG/WebP at 80–90%); logos, screenshots and anything with transparency → lossless (PNG).

Resize a JPG

JPG (JPEG) is the default for a reason: photos compress beautifully and every device on earth opens them. Keep quality at 80–90% for anything people will look at closely, and remember JPG has no transparency — see-through areas come out white.

Resize a PNG (keep transparency)

Choose PNG as the output format and the transparent background survives the resize untouched. The file will be larger than a JPEG of the same image — that's the price of lossless quality and transparency, and for logos and graphics it's worth paying.

Resize a WebP

WebP gives you JPEG-like sizes — often 25–35% smaller at the same quality — and supports transparency too. It's the best choice for images going on a website; just check that your audience's browsers support it (all modern ones do).

Convert text between UPPERCASE, lowercase, real Title Case, sentence case, camelCase, snake_case and seven more styles with this free online case converter — live as you type, and your text never leaves your browser.

How to use the case converter

1. Type or paste your text into the top box. The character, word, sentence and line counts underneath describe the text you entered and update live.
2. Tap a style button — UPPERCASE, Title Case, camelCase and ten more. The converted text appears instantly in the result box; there is no Convert button and nothing to wait for.
3. Switch on Remove extra spaces if your pasted text has double spaces, stray tabs or ragged line ends you want cleaned up as part of the conversion.
4. Use Copy result to copy the output, Download .txt to save it as a file, Swap to feed the result back in as the new input (handy for chaining two styles), or Clear to start again.
5. Change styles as often as you like — every button re-converts the same input, so you can compare Title Case against Sentence case side by side before you copy.

Every case style, explained

Most case converters stop at upper, lower and title case. This one covers the full set — the four styles for ordinary writing, two playful styles, and the seven naming styles programmers use every day. Every example below is the phrase “hello world” converted by the tool above, so you can check any row yourself in seconds:

How the code styles split your words

The seven naming styles first split your text into words, then rejoin them. Splitting happens on spaces, hyphens, underscores, dots and any other non-alphanumeric characters, and also on camelCase boundaries — so hello world-foo_bar, helloWorld and HTMLParser guide are all understood, and come out as helloWorldFooBar, hello_world and html_parser_guide depending on the style you pick. Numbers and symbols in ordinary prose styles are never touched. One honest limit: a name that starts with digits, like 123 hello world, converts to 123HelloWorld in PascalCase — the digits are kept rather than silently dropped, but most programming languages won't accept a name starting with a digit, so rename that first word before you paste the result into code.

Title Case vs Capitalize Each Word vs Sentence case

These three are the ones people mix up. Take “the lord of the rings”. Title Case gives The Lord of the Rings — major words capitalized, minor words (the, of) lowercase in the middle. Capitalize Each Word gives The Lord Of The Rings — every word capitalized, no exceptions. Sentence case gives The lord of the rings — one capital letter at the start, everything else lowercase. Headlines usually want Title Case; interfaces and ordinary sentences want Sentence case; Capitalize Each Word is the simple, no-rules option for labels and signs.

Title case rules explained

The Title Case button follows the AP and Chicago headline rules — the same rules newspapers and publishers use — rather than just capitalizing everything. The rules it applies are:

• Always capitalize the first and last words of the title, even if they are minor words: “what the fork is about” would still end with a capital A on “About” — here, the last word is always promoted.
• Capitalize every major word — nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns. Any word that is not on the minor list is capitalized, however short it is: “Go”, “Is” and “It” all get capitals.
• Lowercase the minor words in the middle — the articles, conjunctions and prepositions on this list: a, an, the, and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, at, by, in, of, off, on, out, over, per, to, up, via, with, as, from, into, like, near, onto, past, upon, down.
• Always capitalize the word after a colon, even if it is a minor word — a subtitle starts fresh: Rings: A Tale, never Rings: a Tale.
• Hyphenated words: capitalize each part (AP style), so “well-known” becomes “Well-Known” and “step-by-step” becomes “Step-By-Step”.

Worked examples

“the lord of the rings: a well-known tale of courage and hope” becomes “The Lord of the Rings: A Well-Known Tale of Courage and Hope” — “of” and “the” stay lowercase in the middle, the “A” after the colon is capitalized even though “a” is a minor word, and both halves of “well-known” are capitalized. “WAR AND PEACE IN OUR TIME” becomes “War and Peace in Our Time” — the shouting is calmed down, “and” and “in” stay lowercase because both sit in the middle of the title, and the last word, “Time”, is capitalized by the last-word rule. And “a step-by-step guide to keeping up with the news” becomes “A Step-By-Step Guide to Keeping up with the News”: “to”, “up” and “with” are minor words in the middle, so they stay lowercase, while the hyphenated “Step-By-Step” is capitalized in full.

One thing to know: style guides disagree on a few edge cases — Chicago capitalizes prepositions of five letters or more where AP keeps short ones lowercase, for example — and no converter can tell that “apple” in your headline is the company, not the fruit. Treat the result as a correct, publisher-style draft and give proper names a final glance before you publish.

Sentence case, done properly

Sentence case is more than lowercasing everything: this converter lowercases the text, then capitalizes the first letter of every sentence — a full stop, exclamation mark or question mark ends a sentence, and an opening quote or bracket in front of the next word doesn't stop it being capitalized. The pronoun “I” is always capitalized wherever it appears, including in contractions like I'm, I'll and I've — so “hello WORLD. i am HERE! are you SURE?” becomes “Hello world. I am here! Are you sure?”. What sentence case can't do is know your proper names: it will lowercase “london” and “sarah” along with everything else, so re-capitalize names of people and places after converting a whole document.

Paste a list of names and pick a winner fairly — as a quick draw or on a spinning wheel. Built for classrooms, raffles and giveaways: pick up to 20 winners at once, stop anyone winning twice, and save your list for next time. Everything runs in your browser; your names are never uploaded.

How to use the random name picker

1. Add your names — type them in or paste a list, one name per line. The counter under the box tells you how many names were found, and warns you if the same name appears more than once.
2. Tidy the list if you need to. Press Remove duplicates to keep only the first copy of each name, or Shuffle list to mix the order up. Neither changes anyone's chances — the draw is random either way.
3. Choose Pick a name or Spin the wheel. Both modes use the same list and the same random draw — the wheel just adds the suspense of watching it slow down.
4. Set your options. In Pick mode you can draw 1 to 20 winners in one go. Turn on No-repeat and every picked name leaves the pool, so nobody can be picked twice; the remaining count and the picked-so-far list keep score for you.
5. Pick or spin. The winner is shown large, added to the winners list, and can be copied with Copy winners — handy for announcing results or pasting them into a class register or draw post.
6. Save your list. Press Save list and the names are kept in this browser, on this device, ready for next time. Clear wipes the box and the saved copy.

Editing the list starts a fresh round: the picked-so-far list clears and the full edited list goes back into the pool, so a round is always played from exactly the names you can see.

Random name picker for the classroom

Teachers reach for a random student picker for one reason: cold-calling fairly. When the picker chooses who answers next, every student has the same chance, nobody feels singled out, and the quiet students at the back get asked as often as the confident hands at the front. Paste the class register in once, press Save list, and the same list is waiting on this device every lesson — no account, and the names never leave the classroom computer.

Turn on No-repeat and the picker becomes a fair rota: each student picked is removed from the pool, so you work through the whole class before anyone is asked twice. The remaining count shows how many students are still to go, and the picked-so-far list doubles as your record of who has already contributed. Press Restore full list to start the rota again next lesson.

For groups and teams, shuffle the list and read it off in chunks — first four names are group one, next four group two — or use Pick mode with several winners to choose group leaders, presenters or the student who picks tomorrow's story. On the classroom big screen, Spin the wheel turns a routine pick into the moment the whole class watches: the wheel is at its best with up to about 40 names, which covers almost every class.

Running a giveaway or raffle? Pick a winner fairly

A giveaway lives or dies on whether entrants believe the draw was fair. This pick-a-winner generator helps in three ways. First, the draw uses your browser's cryptographic random generator — the same randomness source your device uses for security — so neither you nor anyone else can predict or steer the result. Second, press Remove duplicates before you draw: if someone entered twice under the exact same name, they keep one entry, not two chances. Third, keep a record — the winners list can be copied into your announcement post, and a screenshot of the winners banner next to the full entry list is a simple audit trail.

Need a winner plus runners-up, or several prize tiers? Set winners to pick to anything from 1 to 20 and draw them all at once — every name inside one draw is different. Or draw one at a time with No-repeat on, announcing first prize, second prize and third prize in order, safe in the knowledge that a name already drawn cannot come up again. For very large entry lists — hundreds or even thousands of names pasted from a spreadsheet — use Pick mode rather than the wheel; it handles lists of 500+ names without slowing down.

Picker or wheel — which should you use?

Both modes draw from the same list with the same cryptographic randomness, so the choice is about the moment, not the odds:

One honest note on the wheel and big lists: the wheel always spins and always lands on a genuine segment, but past 40 names the labels are dropped and the segments get thin — at 500 names it is a wheel of colour, and the winner is decided by the draw and announced in the banner rather than read off the rim. If your audience needs to see their name on the wheel, split a big list into smaller rounds, or use Pick mode and project the winners banner instead.

A free Unix timestamp converter that does both directions and every unit: turn epoch time in seconds, milliseconds or microseconds into a human date — or turn any date back into a timestamp. It opens with the live current epoch time, auto-detects the unit of anything you paste, and can convert a whole list at once. Everything runs in your browser; nothing is uploaded.

How to use the epoch converter

1. Need the current epoch time? It is ticking at the top of this page in seconds, milliseconds and microseconds — pause it or copy it with one tap.
2. Converting a timestamp to a date: paste it into the Timestamp → date box. You do not need to say which unit it is: 10 digits are read as seconds, 13 as milliseconds and 16 as microseconds, and the detected unit is shown under the box before the results.
3. Read the date four ways — in UTC, in your local time, as an ISO 8601 string, and as a relative time such as "3 days ago" — plus the day of the week.
4. Converting a date to a timestamp: pick the date and time in the Date → timestamp box (or tap Now) and read off the epoch seconds, milliseconds and microseconds, with a copy button for each.
5. Have a whole list? Paste one timestamp per line into the batch converter — mixed units are fine, blank lines are skipped, and any line that cannot be converted is marked in the table instead of breaking the batch.

What is Unix epoch time?

Unix epoch time — also called Unix time, POSIX time or simply a timestamp — is a way of writing a moment as a single number: the count of seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970. That starting moment is called the epoch. The timestamp 0 is the epoch itself, 86400 is one day later (2 January 1970), and the count has been ticking up by one every second ever since, without pausing for leap seconds. Because it is just a number, computers love it: it is easy to store in a database, easy to sort, and subtracting two timestamps gives the exact number of seconds between two moments — no month lengths, leap years or time zones to argue about on the way.

Timestamps turn up everywhere once you start looking: database rows and log files, API responses, cookies and JWT login tokens (the iat and exp fields are epoch seconds), file modification times, and analytics data. Dates before 1970 are written as negative numbers — -1 is 31 December 1969, 23:59:59 UTC, one second before the epoch — and this converter handles those just like positive ones.

The year 2038 problem

Older systems store timestamps in a signed 32-bit integer, which tops out at 2147483647 — Tuesday, 19 January 2038, 03:14:07 UTC. One second later that storage wraps around to a date in December 1901, which is why old software is being patched ahead of the deadline. Modern systems use 64-bit storage, whose limit is about 292 billion years away, so the timestamps this converter produces (JavaScript handles them safely) will not run out in 2038. If a tool or device ever shows you a date in 1901 or 1970 for no reason, a 32-bit overflow — or a timestamp read in the wrong unit — is the usual suspect.

Seconds, milliseconds or microseconds?

The single most common timestamp bug is reading a value in the wrong unit — a date millions of years in the future almost always means milliseconds were read as seconds. The giveaway is the number of digits:

All three examples in the table are the same moment — Tuesday, 14 November 2023, 22:13:20 UTC — written at different precision. This converter detects the unit by size: a value below 100 billion (10¹¹) is treated as seconds, a value below 100 trillion (10¹⁴) as milliseconds, and anything larger as microseconds. That rule also covers the in-between sizes people actually meet — an 11-digit value is still seconds, 12- and 14-digit values are milliseconds, and a 15-digit value is microseconds — and the detected unit is always shown next to your result, so you can spot a wrong guess immediately.

How to convert a timestamp

By hand, the maths is one multiplication or division. To turn epoch seconds into a date, a tool like JavaScript's Date wants milliseconds, so multiply by 1,000 first; to go from milliseconds down to seconds, divide by 1,000; microseconds divide by 1,000,000 to reach seconds (or by 1,000 to reach milliseconds). Worked example — 1700000000:

1. Count the digits: 10 digits, so the value is in seconds.
2. Convert to milliseconds: 1700000000 × 1,000 = 1700000000000 ms — the form JavaScript and most date libraries accept.
3. Read the date: that is Tuesday, 14 November 2023, 22:13:20 UTC — in ISO 8601, 2023-11-14T22:13:20.000Z.
4. Going the other way (date → timestamp) reverses it: take the milliseconds for the date and divide by 1,000 for seconds, or multiply the milliseconds by 1,000 for microseconds.

Epoch milestones

Round timestamps make handy test values — every one of these can be pasted into the converter above to check it:

Get the current epoch time in code

Most languages can produce a timestamp in one line. These are the snippets developers reach for — the same values the live clock at the top of this page shows:

JavaScript

Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)  // current epoch seconds
Date.now()                     // current epoch milliseconds
new Date(1700000000 * 1000).toISOString()
                               // "2023-11-14T22:13:20.000Z" — seconds × 1000 first

Python

import time
time.time()                    # current epoch seconds (with decimals)
int(time.time())               # whole seconds

from datetime import datetime, timezone
datetime.fromtimestamp(1700000000, tz=timezone.utc)
                               # 2023-11-14 22:13:20+00:00

PHP

time();                        // current epoch seconds
date('c', 1700000000);         // ISO 8601 date for a timestamp

Java

Instant.now().getEpochSecond();        // current epoch seconds
Instant.ofEpochSecond(1700000000);     // the moment as an Instant

Go

time.Now().Unix()        // current epoch seconds
time.Now().UnixMilli()   // current epoch milliseconds

MySQL

SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();            -- current epoch seconds
SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1700000000);   -- 2023-11-14 22:13:20

Whatever the language, the pattern is the same: timestamps travel and are stored as plain numbers, and only become human dates at the moment a person needs to read them — which is exactly what the converter above does, in both directions.

Turn a yearly salary into an hourly rate — or work backwards from an hourly wage to a yearly salary. Add your paid days off and it also shows your true hourly rate: what you really earn for each hour you actually work.

How to use the salary to hourly calculator

1. Set your working pattern first: hours per week (40 is the standard full-time week), weeks per year (52), and your paid days off — add public holidays and vacation days together.
2. To go from salary to hourly, type your annual salary in the left box. Your hourly rate, your true hourly rate and a full pay-period breakdown appear as you type.
3. To go the other way, type an hourly rate in the right box and read off the yearly salary it adds up to — handy for comparing an hourly job offer against a salaried one.
4. Change the hours, weeks or days off at any time: both boxes and the breakdown table update instantly, so you can test part-time weeks or extra vacation days.

How to convert salary to hourly

The formula is one line: hourly rate = annual salary ÷ weeks per year ÷ hours per week. With the standard full-time pattern that is salary ÷ 52 ÷ 40 — the same as dividing by the 2,080 work hours in a standard year (52 weeks × 40 hours). So a $60,000 salary is 60,000 ÷ 52 ÷ 40 = $28.85 an hour. Going backwards is just as simple: annual salary = hourly rate × hours per week × weeks per year, so $25 an hour × 40 × 52 = $52,000 a year. If you work a different pattern — a 37.5-hour week, part-time days, or shift work — put your real hours and weeks in the boxes above; the "divide by 2,080" shortcut only holds for 40 hours a week, 52 weeks a year.

Why paid time off changes your real hourly rate

Your salary is paid for the whole year, but you do not work the whole year. Paid holidays and vacation days are days you are paid for while not working, so the pay for those days is really earned across the hours you do work. Spread the same salary over fewer worked hours and the rate per worked hour rises. That higher figure — the true hourly rate — is the honest number for comparing a salaried job with paid leave against hourly or contract work with none: on paper both might say "$28.85 an hour", but the job with 15 paid days off is effectively paying more for every hour actually worked. The calculator works it out as: true hourly rate = annual salary ÷ ((weeks × hours per week) − (paid days off × hours per day)), where hours per day is your weekly hours ÷ 5.

Worked examples

$60,000 a year, 40 hours a week: 52 × 40 = 2,080 hours, and 60,000 ÷ 2,080 = $28.85 an hour. The same salary breaks down to $230.77 a day, $1,153.85 a week, $2,307.69 every two weeks and $5,000.00 a month.

The same $60,000 with 15 paid days off: each day off is 8 hours (40 ÷ 5), so 15 days = 120 paid hours you do not work. Worked hours fall to 2,080 − 120 = 1,960, and 60,000 ÷ 1,960 = $30.61 an hour — your true hourly rate, about $1.76 an hour more than the headline rate.

$25 an hour to a salary: 25 × 40 hours × 52 weeks = $52,000 a year before tax — $4,333.33 a month.

$30,000 to $120,000 a year — hourly rates

Quick reference at the standard full-time pattern (40 hours a week, 52 weeks a year, before paid days off are counted). Every row is the annual salary divided by 2,080 hours:

Remember: all of these figures are gross pay before tax and deductions, and they are estimates to help you compare options — not tax or financial advice. Your true hourly rate will be a little higher once your paid days off are counted, as the worked example above shows.

Simplify any width × height into its aspect ratio, work out a missing dimension from a target ratio, check the true ratio of an image, and copy the CSS for it — all in your browser, with nothing uploaded.

1 · Simplify a ratio

Width (px)

Height (px)

Enter a width and a height — for example 1920 × 1080 — and the simplified ratio appears here.

2 · Find a missing dimension

Platform presets

16:9 YouTube / 1080p 9:16 Reels / TikTok / Shorts 1:1 Instagram post 4:5 Instagram portrait 1.91:1 OpenGraph / Facebook link image 3:2 Photo 4:3 Classic 21:9 Ultrawide 2.35:1 Cinematic

Standard pixel sizes for 16:9:

Width × Height (px)	Ratio check

Target ratio — width

Target ratio — height

Known width (px) — fill this OR the height

Known height (px) — fill this OR the width

16 : 9

Pick a preset or type a ratio, then enter one known dimension and the other one is worked out here.

3 · Check an image's real ratio

Drop an image here — or tap to browse JPG, PNG, WebP, GIF or BMP · read 100% in your browser — nothing is uploaded

4 · CSS for this ratio

For the ratio you are working with above — the modern aspect-ratio property, with an example pixel size worked out for you:

Copy CSS

How to use the aspect ratio calculator

1. To simplify a ratio, type a width and a height (for example 1920 × 1080). The simplified ratio, its decimal form and the plain-words answer appear as you type.
2. To find a missing dimension, tap a platform preset — or type your own target ratio — then enter just one known side, width or height. The other side is calculated for you, with the exact value and the rounded pixel value, and the preview box reshapes itself to the ratio.
3. To check a photo or graphic, drop the image onto the box (or tap to browse). You will see its true pixel size, its simplified ratio, and the preset it matches exactly or comes closest to. The image is read on your device and is never uploaded.
4. Copy the CSS snippet for the current ratio and paste it into your stylesheet so a browser reserves exactly the right space for the image or video.

What is aspect ratio?

An aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and its height, written as two numbers separated by a colon — 16:9, 4:5, 1:1. It describes the shape, not the size: a 1920 × 1080 video and a tiny 320 × 180 thumbnail are completely different sizes, but both are 16:9, so both have exactly the same shape. That is why platforms talk in ratios first and pixels second — get the ratio right and the image fills its frame at any size; get it wrong and the platform crops it, stretches it, or adds empty bars.

How to work out an aspect ratio

The formula is simple: write the width and height as a ratio, then divide both sides by their greatest common divisor (GCD) — the largest number that divides into both of them exactly.

Worked example 1: 1920 × 1080. The GCD of 1920 and 1080 is 120. Divide both sides by 120: 1920 ÷ 120 = 16 and 1080 ÷ 120 = 9 — so 1920 × 1080 is 16:9.

Worked example 2: 1080 × 1350. The GCD of 1080 and 1350 is 270. Divide both sides by 270: 1080 ÷ 270 = 4 and 1350 ÷ 270 = 5 — so 1080 × 1350 is 4:5, the Instagram portrait ratio.

To find a missing side instead, rearrange the same relationship: height = width × ratio height ÷ ratio width, and width = height × ratio width ÷ ratio height. So a 16:9 frame that is 1280 px wide needs a height of 1280 × 9 ÷ 16 = 720 px.

Common aspect ratios and where they're used

Aspect ratio for video and social media

Every platform reserves a fixed shape for video and images, and quietly crops anything that doesn't fit it. For YouTube, the player is 16:9: upload at 1920 × 1080 (1080p) or 3840 × 2160 (4K), and make your YouTube thumbnail 1280 × 720 — also 16:9, and YouTube's recommended size. YouTube Shorts, Instagram Reels and TikTok are the exact opposite shape, 9:16 vertical, at 1080 × 1920. On Instagram, a square post is 1080 × 1080 (1:1), while a portrait post at 1080 × 1350 (4:5) takes up noticeably more of the feed. For a Facebook or OpenGraph link image, use 1200 × 630 — very close to 1.91:1 — so the preview card shows your image uncropped when the link is shared. Pick the preset above for any of these and the calculator lists the standard pixel sizes for that shape.

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